Suffice it to say that this phrase, despite its non-imperative form as a speech act, orders someone to resolve that something shall not happen for a second time. Never Again! A Program for Survival (1972)Īccording to Hans Kellner, "Unpacking the semantic contents of 'Never Again' would be an enormous task. The slogan "never again" was used on Israeli kibbutzim by the end of the 1940s, and was used in the Swedish documentary Mein Kampf in 1961. Eric Sundquist notes that "the founding of Israel was predicated on the injunction to remember a history of destruction-the destruction of two Temples, exile and pogroms, and the Holocaust-and to ensure that such events will never happen again". According to the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948 because "the international community vowed never again to allow" the atrocities of World War II, and the Genocide Convention was adopted the same year. They write that the distinction has been blurred in the subsequent decades as the Holocaust was universalised. Popescu and Tanja Schult write that there was initially a distinction between political prisoners, who invoked "never again" as part of their fight against fascism, and Jewish survivors, whose imperative was to "never forget" their murdered relatives and destroyed communities. The first use of the phrase "never again" in the context of the Holocaust was in April 1945 when newly liberated survivors at Buchenwald concentration camp displayed it in various languages on handmade signs. The Nazi attempt to implement their final solution to the Jewish question took place during World War II in Europe. īetween 19, Nazi Germany and its allies murdered about six million Jews in a genocide which became known as the Holocaust. In postwar Israel, the behavior of Jews during the Holocaust was unfavorably contrasted with the behavior of the defenders of Masada: the former were denigrated for having gone " like sheep to the slaughter" while the latter were praised for their heroic and resolute fight. Masada became a part of the official Hebrew curriculum and the slogan became an unofficial national motto. Considered one of the most significant examples of early Yishuv literature, Masada achieved massive popularity among Zionists in the land of Israel and in the Jewish diaspora. In Zionism, the story of Masada became a national myth and was lauded as an example of Jewish heroism. The poem is about the siege of Masada, in which a group of Jewish rebels (the Sicarii) held out against Roman armies and, according to legend, committed mass suicide rather than be captured. The slogan "Never again shall Masada fall!" is derived from a 1927 epic poem, Masada, by Yitzhak Lamdan. Memorial to Radogoszcz prison in Łódź states "Nigdy więcej faszyzmu" ("Never again to fascism") It has also been appropriated as a political slogan for other causes, from commemoration of the 1976 Argentine coup, the promotion of gun control or abortion rights, and as an injunction to fight against terrorism after the September 11 attacks. The phrase is widely used by politicians and writers and it also appears on many Holocaust memorials. The exact meaning of the phrase is debated, including whether it should be used as a particularistic command to avert a second Holocaust of Jews or whether it is a universalist injunction to prevent all forms of genocide. The phrase may originate from a 1927 poem by Yitzhak Lamdan which stated "Never again shall Masada fall!" In the context of genocide, the slogan was used by liberated prisoners at Buchenwald concentration camp to express anti-fascist sentiment. " Never again" is a phrase or slogan which is associated with the lessons of the Holocaust and other genocides.
Multilingual "never again" memorial at Dachau concentration camp
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